Cellular processes depend on the coordinated function of all proteoforms—the distinct molecular forms of a protein that arise from mechanisms such as alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. Different proteoforms can have distinct free energy landscapes that may alter their structures, motions, and interactions with other proteins. As a result, changes in proteoforms can alter cellular regulation and lead to dysfunctions associated with diseases such as cancer.

Low-dimensional quantum materials are under considerable investigation for exploiting their unique properties within functional devices. While these materials have been extensively studied for their properties and applications, notable gaps in terms of their thermal stability and behavior remain, particularly with respect to typical device fabrication temperatures.

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) materials have garnered much attention lately because of their fascinating optical and optoelectronic characteristics. These characteristics make them excellent candidates for photovoltaic applications with high power conversion efficiencies for solar cell applications. However, degradation during thermal treatment and poor stability against moisture and UV light are common problems for PNCs.

N-linked glycosylation is an important post translational modification, and the changes in N-glycan patterns are known to be associated with various human diseases. The study of N-glycans is crucial for the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a popular method in glycomics where glycans are identified via their mass to charge (m/z) and fragment ions. However, glycans exist as isomers arising from linkage, anomeric, and stereochemical differences.

Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry has emerged as an orthogonal and complementary analytical technique to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in omics-based analyses. Carbohydrate-containing molecules, such as human milk oligosaccharides and glycolipids, are notoriously difficult to characterize, largely owing to their high degrees of isomeric heterogeneity. Thus, new analytical methodologies are required to improve the confidence of their characterization.