Metabolomics is the study of the collective small molecules within a biological system (cell, tissue or whole organism). The study of these small molecules (metabolites) gives a close measure of the phenotype, giving insight into an organism’s physiological and biochemical state at the time of sample collection. Thus, metabolomics has emerged as a highly attractive field employed to study normal physiology and changes in physiology due to natural diversity, genetic mutations, and disease state(s).

Materials all around us can be classified as either elastic, viscous, or viscoelastic. One can determine where a material falls within the viscosity spectrum based on its rheological properties.

Traditional tandem mass spectrometry, an analytical technique that isolates a precursor ion then fragments it to obtain structural information, is a method extensively used in analytical chemistry. Coupling different separation methods, like LC and GC, can help study complex mixtures that may be difficult with MS/MS alone. However, the isolation step requires a sufficient signal threshold of the precursors, preventing low signal ions that may hold important structural information from being fragmented.

Glycosylation is a common post translational modification of proteins which adds a complex carbohydrate moiety to one or more sites of the protein. These modifications are found in a large proportion of human proteins and play important roles in organ development, cancer growth, and viral infection mechanisms. Despite their biomedical relevance, methods understanding molecular basis for glycoprotein functions is often hampered by the heterogeneity of the attached glycans.

Biotherapeutic drugs present new analytical challenges to the drug development and quality control process. Unlike traditional small molecule drugs where synthetic choices can be tightly controlled, biotherapeutic drugs rely on the integrity of host cell biosynthetic machinery to manufacture the drug. The host cells themselves also present an issue where the biotherapeutic product can be contaminated with trace amounts of host cell proteins (HCPs).

For complex molecular systems, computational methods can provide fine details that are not readily available from experimental methods. However, some insight can only come from thorough exploration of the potential energy surface (PES) for a molecular system. Exhaustive PES exploration using quantum mechanical methods is very time- and resource-consuming.

Alginate is a family of natural origin polysaccharides which could be utilized in hydrogel preparation at mild pH and physiological conditions. The hydrogel based on alginate performed particular relevance on wound dressing materials for the treatment of acute or chronic wounds due to the high water content, biocompatibility, flexibility, porosity, smoothness and ability to incorporate and release therapeutic agents.

Gene expression and transcription are critical for a variety of cellular processes and are controlled not only by DNA sequence and transcription factors but also by epigenetic regulation¹. Epigenetic regulation requires site-specific modification of the genome and is involved in multiple physiological processes and disease etiology¹.

The production of commodity plastic is predicted to increase substantially in upcoming decades.¹ Many common plastics are derived from petroleum, which is a finite resource.

Cyclopropenone is an organic compound consisting of cyclopropene framework with a ketone functional group. It has been found in various natural compounds. Cyclopropenone can also undergo different kinds of reactions but most of the reactions can be categorized to nucleophilic attack and decarbonylation. Although photodecarbonylation is the one of the most common reaction of cyclopropenones, there is very little agreement in the literature on the photoactivation mechanism.