Single-cell analysis is an active research area focused on deciphering cellular processes from a single living cell.¹ Various crucial biological phenomena are either invisible or only partially characterized when analyzed with standard techniques that utilize bulk cell populations or entire tissues.

Emerging contaminants in water is a major focus of many environmental and public health organizations worldwide.^1-2 Specifically, emerging contaminants of concern are pharmaceuticals such as over the counter drugs, hormonal supplements, and veterinary medicines. It is known that trace amounts of these chemicals are present in drinking water and in surface water.

Glycopolymer is an important class of synthetic molecules that emulate many biological and structural characteristics of cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids.

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates are long, linear, acidic polysaccharide chains abundant on the surface of virtually all mammalian cells[1,2]. Non-template driven modifications affect many biological functions through protein-binding interactions[3]. The complex structure and low natural abundance of GAG oligomers remains a significant analytical challenge.

Despite medical advancements to eradicate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) around the world, HIV is still among the top leading causes of death in untreated newborn in resourcelimited countries.

Over the last decade, the field of single-molecule detection has grown rapidly because technical and methodological developments increased sensitivity and gave access to biological processes not observable before. Single molecule detection unveils the short-lived intermediates, the heterogeneous behavior of individual enzymes and stochastic multistep processes like protein folding.¹ Currently, single-molecule detection mostly relies on fluorescence.

Combustion research aims to produce fundamental science that enables the development of advanced technologies for cleaner-burning and more-efficient energy conversion, including next-generation internal combustion engines. One primary target is understanding complex chemistry at low-temperature oxidation conditions (< 1200 K) where the formation of NOx is avoided.